Installation¶
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NFCPy requires the library libusb for generic access to USB devices.
Install libusb (Linux)
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Linux distributions usually have this installed, otherwise it should beavailable through the standard package manager (beware not to choosethe old version
0.x
).Install libusb (Windows)
Windows users will have to manually install WinUSB and libusb.Microsoft provides instructions to install WinUSB but a muchsimpler approach is to use Zadig (a driver installation helperapplication).
- Download Zadig
- Connect your NFC device
- Run the downloaded executable
- Click Options -> List All Devices
- Select your NFC reading/writing device from the list
- Select the WinUSB driver from the other drop down and install it
Then, install libusb:
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- Download libusb (Downloads -> Latest Windows Binaries).
- Unpack the 7z archive (you may use 7zip).
- For 32-bit Windows:
- Copy
MS32dlllibusb-1.0.dll
toC:WindowsSystem32
.
- Copy
- For 64-bit Windows:
- Copy
MS64dlllibusb-1.0.dll
toC:WindowsSystem32
. - Copy
MS32dlllibusb-1.0.dll
toC:WindowsSysWOW64
.
- Copy
Install Python and nfcpy
Download and install Python (2.7 or 3.5 or later).
Note
Python may already be installed on your system if you area Linux user.
Once Python is installed use pip to install the latest stableversion of nfcpy. This will also install the required
libusb1
and pyserial
Python modules.Windows users will want to ensure they have configured theirenvironment’s PATH correctly, otherwise they will not be able toaccess
pip
on the command line. It is usually located atC:Python27Scriptspip.exe
so they must ensureC:Python27Scripts
is on their PATH.)Verify installation
Check if everything installed correctly and that nfcpy is ableto find your contactless reader.
If all goes well the output should tell that your your reader wasfound, below is an example of how it may look with an SCL3711:
Common problems on Linux (access rights or other drivers claiming thedevice) should be reported with a possible solution:
Open a local device¶
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Any data exchange with a remote NFC device needs a contactless frontend attachedand opened for communication. Most commercial devices (also called NFC Reader)are physically attached through USB and either provide a native USB interface ora virtual serial port.
The
nfc.ContactlessFrontend
manages all communication with a localdevice. The open
method tries to find andopen a device and returns True for success. The string argument determines thedevice with a sequence of components separated by colon. The first componentdetermines where the device is attached (usb, tty, or udp) and what the furthercomponents may be. This is best explained by example.Suppose a FeliCa S330 Reader is attached to a Linux computer on USB bus number 3and got device number 9 (note that device numbers always increment when a deviceis connected):
Some devices, especially for embedded projects, have a UART interface that maybe connected either directly or through a USB UART adapter. Below is an exampleof a Raspberry Pi 3 which has two UART ports (ttyAMA0, ttyS0) and one reader isconnected with a USB UART adapter (ttyUSB0). On a Raspberry Pi 3 the UART linkedfrom /dev/serial1 is available on the GPIO header (the other one is used forBluetooth connectivity). On a Raspberry Pi 2 it is always ttyAMA0.
A special kind of device bus that does not require any physical hardware isprovided for testing and application prototyping. It works by sending NFCcommunication frames across a UDP/IP connection and can be used to connect twoprocesses running an nfcpy application either locally or remote.
In the following example the device path is supplied as an init argument. Thiswould raise an
exceptions.IOError
with errno.ENODEV
if it failsto open. The example also demonstrates the use of a with
statementfor automatic close when leaving the context.Read and write tags¶
NFC Tag Devices are tiny electronics devices with a comparatively large (somesquare centimeters) antenna that serves as both an inductive power receiver andfor communication. The energy is provided by the NFC Reader Device for as longas it wishes to communicate with the Tag.
Most Tags are embedded in plastics or paper and can store data in persistentmemory. NFC Tags as defined by the NFC Forum have standardized memory format andcommand set to store NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) records. Most commercialNFC Tags also provide vendor-specific commands for special applications, some ofthose can be used with nfcpy. A rather new class of NFC Interface Tags istargeted towards providing NFC communication for embedded devices where theinformation exchange is through NFC with the microcontroller of the embeddeddevice.
Tip
It is quite easy to make an NFC field detector. Just a few turns of copperwire around three fingers and the ends soldered to an LED will do the job.Here’s a video.
NFC Tags are simple slave devices that wait unconditionally for any readercommand to respond. This makes it easy to interact with them from within aPython interpreter session using the local contactless frontend.
The
clf.sense()
method can now be used to search for a proximity target witharguments set for the desired communication technologies. The example shows theresult of a Type F card response for which the nfc.tag.activate()
functionthen returns a Type3Tag
instance.The same
Type3Tag
instance can also be acquired with theclf.connect()
method. This is the generally preferred way to discover andactivate contactless targets of any supported type. When configured with therdwr dictionary argument the clf.connect()
method will use Reader/Writer modeto discover NFC Tags. When a Tag is found and activated, the on-connect
callback function returning False
means that the tag presence loopshall not be run but the nfc.tag.Tag
object returned immediately. Amore useful callback function could do something with the tag and returnTrue
for requesting a presence loop that makes clf.connect()
returnonly after the tag is gone.An NFC Forum Tag can store NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Records in aspecifically formatted memory region. NDEF data is found automatically andwrapped into an
NDEF
object accessible through thetag.ndef
attribute. When NDEF data is not present the attribute is simplyNone
.The
tag.ndef.records
attribute contains a list of NDEF Records decoded fromtag.ndef.octets
with the ndeflib package. Each record has common andtype-specific methods and attributes for content access. Simple dns plus.A list of NDEF Records assigned to
tag.ndef.records
gets encoded and thenwritten to the Tag (internally the bytes are assigned to tag.ndef.octets
totrigger the update).When NDEF data bytes are written to a Memory Tag then the
tag.ndef
objectmatches the stored data. In case of an Interface Tag this may not be truebecause the write commands may be handled differently by the device. The onlyway to find out is read back the data and compare. This is the logic behindtag.ndef.has_changed
, which should be False
for a Memory Tag.An NFC Interface Tag may be used to realize a device that presents dynamicallychanging NDEF data depending on internal state, for example a sensor devicereturning the current temperature.
Finally the contactless frontend should be closed.
Documentation of all available Tag classes as well as NDEF class methods andattributes can be found in the
nfc.tag
module reference. For NDEF Recordclass types, methods and attributes consult the ndeflib documentation.Emulate a card¶
It is possible to emulate a card (NFC Tag) with nfcpy but unfortunately thisonly works with some NFC devices and is limited to Type 3 Tag emulation. TheRC-S380 fully supports Type 3 Tag emulation. Devices based on PN532, PN533, orRC-S956 chipset can also be used but an internal frame size limit of 64 byteonly allows read/write operations with up to 3 data blocks.
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Below is an example of an NDEF formatted Type 3 Tag. The first 16 byte (firstdata block) contain the attribute data by which the reader will learn the NDEFversion, the number of data blocks that can be read or written in a singlecommand, the total capacity and the write permission state. Bytes 11 to 13contain the current NDEF message length, initialized to zero. The example ismade to specifically open only an RC-S380 contactless frontend (otherwise thenumber of blocks that may be read or written should not be more than 3).
This is a fully functional NFC Forum Type 3 Tag. With a separate reader orAndroid apps such as NXP Tag Info and NXP Tag Writer, NDEF data can now bewritten into the ndef_data_area and read back until the loop is terminatedwith Control-C.
Work with a peer¶
The best part of NFC comes when the limitations of a single mastercontrolling a humble servant are overcome. This is achieved by the NFCForum Logical Link Control Protocol (LLCP), which allows multiplexedcommunications between two NFC Forum Devices with either peer able tosend protocol data units at any time and no restriction to a singleapplication run in one direction.
An LLCP link between two NFC devices is requested with the llcpargument to
clf.connect()
.When the first example got LLCP running there is actually justsymmetry packets exchanged back and forth until the link isbroken. We have to use callback functions to add some useful stuff.
The on_connect function receives a single argument llc, which isthe
LogicalLinkController
instance coordinatesaal data exchange with the remote peer. With this we can add clientapplications but they must be run in a separate execution context tohave on_connect return fast. Only after on_connect returns, thellc can start running the symmetry loop (the LLCP heartbeat) withthe remote peer and generally receive and dispatch protocol andservice data units.When using the interactive interpreter it is less convinient toprogram in the callback functions so we will start a thread in thecallback to execute the llc.run* loop and return with False. Thistells
clf.connect()
to return immediately with the llc instance).Application code is not supposed to work directly with the llcobject but use it to create
Socket
objects for theactual communication. Two types of regular sockets can be created witheither nfc.llcp.LOGICAL_DATA_LINK
for a connection-lesssocket or nfc.llcp.DATA_LINK_CONNECTION
for a connection-modesocket. A connection-less socket does not guarantee that applicationdata is delivered to the remote application (although nfcpy makessure that it’s been delivered to the remote device). A connection-modesocket cares about reliability, unless the other implementation isbuggy data you send is guaranteed to make it to the receivingapplication - error-free and in order.What can be done with an Android phone as the peer device is forexample to send to its default SNEP Server. SNEP is the NFC ForumSimple NDEF Exchange Protocol and a default SNEP Server is built intoAndroid under the name of Android Beam. SNEP messages are exchangedover an LLCP data link connection so we create a connection modesocket, connect to the server with the service name known from theNFC Forum Assigned Numbers Register and then send a SNEP PUTrequest with a web link to open.
The phone should now have opened the http://nfcpy.org web page.
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The code can be simplified by using the
SnepClient
from the nfc.snep
package.Ps2 install mcboot from usb. The
put()
method is smart enough totemporarily connect to urn:nfc.sn:snep
for sending. There are alsomethods to open and close the connection explicitely and maybe use adifferent service name.Dmifit utility. Note
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The Logical Link Control Protocol tutorial has more information onLLCP in general and how its used with nfcpy. The
nfc.llcp
package documentation contains describes allthe API classes and methods that are available.Hear 1.0.3 Serial Number Lookup
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